Introduction. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations have dramatically increased since pre-industrial times due to anthropogenic emissions1, bringing the planet Earth into a climate emergency2,3. Developing effective strategies to hold global warming to 1.5?°C and to well below 2?°C above pre-industrial levels—the limits of global average temperature increase established in the UN Paris Agreement4,5—has become critically urgent6, and hinges upon accurate assessme...